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Acoustic field extrapolation in shallow water using Gaussian process with Normal-Mode-Based Kernel
An Yang1,2,3, Peng Xiao1,2,3, Zhengyu Hou1,2,3
1School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University & Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
JASA Express Letters
|July 24, 2026
Summary
This study uses Gaussian process (GP) regression with a Normal-Mode-Based Kernel to reconstruct missing ocean acoustic field data caused by array depth shifts. The method accurately extrapolates transmission loss, significantly reducing errors and improving stability in shallow waters.
Area of Science:
- Ocean acoustics
- Signal processing
- Geophysical signal analysis
Background:
- Vertical array depth shifts due to ocean currents cause gaps in shallow-water acoustic data.
- Accurate transmission loss reconstruction is crucial for understanding underwater sound propagation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a Gaussian process (GP) regression framework for reconstructing missing acoustic field data.
- To address the challenge of transmission loss extrapolation in shallow-water environments.
Main Methods:
- Application of a Gaussian process (GP) regression framework.
- Development and utilization of a Normal-Mode-Based Kernel within the GP model.
- Simulations based on the 2024 South China Sea experiment and validation with SWellEx-96 data.
Main Results:
- The GP approach successfully extrapolates acoustic fields to unmeasured depths.
- Significant reduction in reconstruction error compared to using the nearest available data point.
- Improved reconstruction stability and reliable performance in complex sound fields, even with array deployment uncertainties.
Conclusions:
- The Normal-Mode-Based Kernel-GP method offers a robust solution for transmission loss reconstruction in ocean acoustics.
- This approach effectively compensates for data loss due to vertical array movement.
- The findings enhance the reliability of acoustic field measurements in dynamic shallow-water environments.
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