RNA-seq Co-Expression Analysis Reveals a Midgut-Associated Digestive Gene Module in Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests, yet the transcriptional organization underlying its digestive capacity remains poorly resolved. Here, we compiled 579 publicly available RNA-seq libraries representing 54 independent experiments and quantified transcript abundance across tissues and developmental stages. This complete dataset was used to support broader tissue-level expression profiling. After metadata harmonization and quality filtering, a subset of 130 biologically comparable libraries from five tissue/developmental categories was retained for weighted gene co-expression network analysis. WGCNA identified four biologically informative modules, among which the turquoise module was positively associated with fourth- and fifth-instar larval midgut samples. Independent expression profiling revealed strong midgut-biased expression of several trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases, although only a subset of these genes was assigned to the turquoise module. Descriptive functional annotation of this module identified 202 co-expressed loci, including digestive enzymes, nutrient transporters, detoxification-related proteins, epithelial components and putative transcriptional or signaling-associated genes. Phylogenetic analyses and manual inspection of genomic locations further showed that several digestive protease genes occur in local clusters and have closely related counterparts in H. zea, suggesting partial conservation of local genomic organization. Collectively, these results describe a midgut-associated co-expression module containing genes associated with digestive, absorptive and protective functions and provide candidate genes for future functional studies.