Clinical Outcomes and Predictors of Improvement With Virtual Behavioral Health Care for Gambling Disorder:...

Gambling disorder is associated with substantial psychiatric and functional burden, yet few individuals receive treatment. Limited real-world evidence exists evaluating outcomes of virtually delivered behavioral health care for gambling disorder, particularly among clinically complex patients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate gambling symptom severity outcomes among adults with gambling disorder receiving care from Birches Health. We aimed to (1) characterize the clinical profile of adults seeking treatment for gambling disorder; (2) quantify changes in gambling symptom severity over the initial 12 weeks of treatment and examine whether baseline clinical complexity, such as gambling symptom severity, depression severity, and psychiatric comorbidities, was associated with differences in gambling symptom severity improvement over time; and (3) estimate the timing and likelihood of achieving clinically meaningful improvement in gambling symptom severity.

This retrospective cohort study included 1305 adults receiving virtual behavioral health treatment for gambling disorder through Birches Health between June 2024 and April 2026. Gambling symptom severity was assessed using the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS) weekly. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated changes in gambling symptom severity over 12 weeks and associations with baseline clinical characteristics. Clinically meaningful improvement was defined as a reduction of 4 or more points in the G-SAS score.

Participants had a mean age of 41.5 (SD 13.1) years, 65.2% (851/1305) were male, and baseline gambling symptom severity was moderate (mean G-SAS score 20.5, SD 11.83). Over half (730/1305, 56%) of participants presented with at least one psychiatric comorbidity, most commonly anxiety disorder (351/1305, 26.9%) and depressive disorder (276/1305, 21.1%). Gambling symptom severity declined significantly over the first 12 weeks of treatment, with G-SAS scores decreasing by approximately 0.099 points per day (P<.001), corresponding to an estimated 8.3-point reduction over 12 weeks. Higher baseline depressive symptom severity was associated with faster improvement in gambling symptoms (P=.01), whereas depressive disorder (P=.03) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (P=.008) diagnoses were associated with slower improvement trajectories. Among patients with routine follow-up assessments recorded during the initial 12 weeks of treatment (1071/1305, 82.1%), 71.7% (935/1305) achieved clinically meaningful improvement in gambling symptom severity, with a median time to improvement of 14 days.

A clinically complex population of adults receiving care through a national virtual behavioral health care provider demonstrated rapid and clinically meaningful reductions in gambling symptom severity. These findings highlight the potential of specialized virtual care models to expand access to gambling treatment and support symptom improvement in routine care settings. Future research should evaluate longer-term recovery trajectories and identify factors associated with sustained improvement and ongoing engagement in care.