The Force-Velocity Profile in Elite Cyclists According to Discipline, Category and Sex

To set reference descriptives for training purposes, this study analysed the force-velocity profile in elite cyclists, considering sex, category (elite, under 23, and junior), and discipline (bicycle motocross, mountain bikes, road, and track). Elite cyclists (n=107; 53 men, 20.00 [3.78] y and 54 women, 20.76 [4.43] years) underwent force-velocity testing during preseason. Participants performed six squat jumps ranging from 0% to 70% of body weight, measured via a Chronojump Bosco system platform. Outcomes included maximal power, maximal force, maximal velocity, and force-velocity slope. Men reflected higher maximal power (4.32 W·kg^-1, 95% confidence interval: 1.11-7.53, p < 0.001) and maximal force (4.57 N·kg^-1, 95% confidence interval: 1.77-7.37, p=0.001) than women, with no differences in maximal velocity or force-velocity slope. Bicycle motocross men showed the highest maximal force (p = 0.001) and the steepest force-velocity slope (p = 0.012) relative to other disciplines, pointing to a greater force orientation. No significant between-discipline differences were observed for maximal power (p = 0.519 in men; p = 0.191 in women-including road/mountain bikes/track only) or maximal velocity in either sex. Discipline shapes the squat-jump-derived force-velocity profile in elite cyclists. Whiles gender affects strength and power but not slope or velocity, category is not determinant. The squat force-velocity profile is informative and easy-to-conduct but should be considered individually and complemented with specific testing.