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Updated: Aug 6, 2026
Three-dimensional Inflammatory Human Tissue Equivalents of Gingiva
Published on: April 3, 2018
Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) and Serum of Dogs With Gingivitis and
1Institute of Health Sciences, Veteriner Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Ankara University, Dışkapı, Ankara, Türkiye, ankara.edu.tr.
Introduction/Objectives:
Periodontal disease is one of the most common oral disorders in dogs and is characterized by inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues. This study aimed to compare local and systemic inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in dogs with gingivitis and periodontitis and to evaluate neopterin as a potential biomarker of periodontal inflammation.
Materials And Methods:
A total of 52 dogs were included, comprising 26 dogs with gingivitis and 26 dogs with periodontitis. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), blood, and serum samples were collected. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), caveolin-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, neopterin, and selected hematological variables were measured. Biomarker concentrations and correlations between serum and GCF were evaluated.
Results:
Dogs with periodontitis exhibited significantly higher serum TOS, TAS, and IL-6 concentrations than dogs with gingivitis (p < 0.001). In contrast, serum and GCF concentrations of IL-1β, MCP-1, caveolin-1, and neopterin were significantly higher in dogs with gingivitis (p < 0.001). Neutrophil and monocyte counts were also higher in the gingivitis group. Significant correlations were identified between serum and GCF biomarker concentrations.
Conclusions:
Periodontal disease in dogs was associated with distinct stage-dependent inflammatory and oxidative stress profiles. Gingivitis was characterized by increased levels of several inflammatory mediators, whereas periodontitis was associated with increased oxidative stress and IL-6 concentrations. These findings suggest that local and systemic biomarker responses vary according to periodontal disease stage and warrant further investigation of GCF biomarkers for monitoring periodontal inflammation.
