JAK/STAT signaling pathway inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases: current status and future perspectives

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a major public health concern characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, ultimately leading to neuronal death and causing a sustained decline in brain function or physical motor abilities. Major examples include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, NDDs lack effective curative methods, and their pathological process primarily involves misfolded protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, as a central hub for cytokine signaling, has recently been found to play a key role in neuroinflammation and immune regulation in NDDs. This review systematically elucidates the core mechanisms of the JAK/STAT pathway in NDDs, including the regulation of microglial and astrocytic reactivity, the impact on blood-brain barrier integrity, and involvement in energy metabolism abnormalities. On this basis, we have reviewed and evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway, focusing on small-molecule JAK inhibitors such as baricitinib and tofacitinib, and have analyzed their mechanisms of action, preclinical efficacy, and potential side effects. In addition, this article provides a forward-looking perspective on the future research directions of the JAK/STAT pathway from the perspective of anti-neuroinflammation to promote neuroregeneration therapy, aiming to offer theoretical references and new ideas for the clinical translational research of this pathway.