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The evolving landscape of minimally invasive procedures in musculoskeletal diseases-part I
Fernando Saraiva1, Esperanza Naredo1
1Serviço de Reumatologia e Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Abstract:
This review aims to cover a wide array of minimally invasive musculoskeletal procedures developed to address several articular and periarticular conditions locally. Besides details related to ultrasound guidance, in part 1, we will review barbotage, botulinum toxin, corticosteroids, dry needling, gene therapy, hyaluronic acid, hydrodissection and mesenchymal stem cells. In part II, we will cover nerve blocks, ozonetherapy, platelet-rich plasma and derivatives, prolotherapy, radiopharmaceuticals, sclerotherapy, thermal ablation and intratissue percutaneous electrolysis. A review of guidelines covering these issues will also be presented.

