Colorectal cancer liver metastases: mechanism and therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with liver metastasis representing the principal cause of death in CRC patients. Current primary treatment options for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) encompass chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the survival rate for CRLM patients remains below 40%. The unique immune-tolerant microenvironment of the liver has recently been recognized as a central driver of metastatic colonization, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. This review examines the development of CRLM, with particular emphasis on recent therapeutic advances. It also explores promising research and emerging treatment strategies. A deeper understanding of CRLM pathogenesis and therapeutic progress will enable clinicians to optimize treatment approaches and improve patient outcomes.