3D-printed multi-electrode platform for electrochemical immunosensing of Chikungunya virus in serum samples

Chikungunya virus (ChikV) detection requires accessible and reliable analytical tools, especially for decentralized testing. Herein, a 3D-printed multi-electrode platform was developed for the assembly of an electrochemical immunosensor for ChikV antigen determination. The system comprises a miniaturized electrochemical cell integrating six working electrodes modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and functionalized with anti-ChikV antibodies, enabling simultaneous measurements and improved analytical reliability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provided sensitive detection over a linear range from 40 to 2600 pg mL^-1, while square-wave voltammetry (SWV) extended the analytical response to higher concentrations (1.3-1300 ng mL^-1), providing a broad dynamic range. The proposed immunosensor exhibited suitable selectivity against other arboviruses, including dengue and yellow fever viruses. Furthermore, the platform successfully discriminated between ChikV-positive and negative diluted serum samples, with statistically significant differences. The combination of additive manufacturing and electrochemical techniques provides a versatile, portable and customizable approach for ChikV screening, highlighting its potential for application in decentralized and resource-limited settings.