Dynamic Biomaterial: A Platform for Biomedical Applications With Multiple Preparation Strategies

Conventional static biomaterials possess relatively stable physicochemical properties after fabrication or implantation, which limits their ability to adapt to dynamically changing physiological microenvironments. In contrast, dynamic biomaterials can undergo controllable or programmable changes to regulate their physicochemical properties in response to external or endogenous stimuli, thereby providing improved spatiotemporal adaptability for biomedical applications. In this review, dynamic biomaterials are systematically discussed from a physical-cue-centered perspective, focusing on stimulus-responsive changes in stiffness, surface morphology, and shape programmability rather than classification solely by stimulus type or material composition. The responsive mechanisms, preparation strategies, and representative stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, ions, and magnetic fields, are summarized and critically analyzed. Recent biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, minimally invasive therapy, and intelligent biomedical devices are further highlighted. Finally, current challenges involving long-term biosafety, mechanical durability, manufacturability, and clinical translation are discussed, together with future perspectives for multifunctional, multi-stimuli-responsive, and spatiotemporally programmable dynamic biomaterials.