[Bioactive components of holothurians: Molecular bases and mechanisms of geroprotective action.]

Modern gerontology views aging as a plastic process, opening opportunities for its modulation through nutritional and pharmacological interventions. This review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of a unique marine biological source - holothurian (sea cucumber) tissues - considered as a promising multicomponent basis for the development of novel geroprotective agents. Key bioactive compounds, primarily isolated from the body wall, are examined in detail: low-molecular-weight matrikine peptides and a unique spectrum of triterpene glycosides. Their ability for synergistic, multitargeted action on key mechanisms of cellular and tissue aging is highlighted, such as the regulation of oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2 pathway, suppression of chronic inflammation (inflammaging) through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling cascade, maintenance of extracellular matrix homeostasis, and modulation of cellular metabolism. The review systematizes current experimental data demonstrating the efficacy of holothurian hydrolysate in models of skin photoaging, accelerated wound repair, reduction of atherosclerotic manifestations, neuroprotection, and correction of metabolic disorders, among others. Particular attention is paid to a critical limitation for oral forms - the problem of age-associated bioavailability of active components. Promising pharmacotechnological solutions to overcome it are analyzed, particularly innovative delivery systems based on alginate matrices. This review aims to systematically summarize current experimental data on the molecular mechanisms underlying the geroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from sea cucumbers. The focus is on the synergistic, multitarget action of matrikine peptides and triterpene glycosides on key drivers of cellular and tissue aging. In addition, the review examines promising pharmacotechnological strategies designed to enhance the bioavailability of these compounds. The presented data substantiate the prospect of creating safe, standardized complexes based on holothurian hydrolysate, which aligns with current trends in preventive, multitargeted, and personalized gerontology.