Effect of Mechanical Homogenization on Nopal Mucilage for the Treatment of a Real Cyanidation Barren Solution

This study investigated the effect of brief mechanical homogenization using a household blender on the properties of nopal mucilage and its performance in removing potentially toxic elements (PTEs), specifically Pb, Ni, As, Cd, and Zn, from a real cyanidation barren solution. An aqueous extract from Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes was homogenized for 0, 30, or 60 s before spray drying, yielding powders designated as CA, CB, and CC. The powders and water-reconstituted dispersions were characterized and evaluated in coagulation-flocculation assays. Homogenization reduced water activity and average hydrodynamic diameter and significantly modified the ζ potential, although the effects were not proportional to processing time. At 10% w·v^-1, the reconstituted mucilages showed frequency-dependent viscoelastic behavior consistent with a transient gel-like organization. All treatments removed more than 98% of Pb, Ni, and As at doses of 200-800 mg·L^-1. Cd removal was more variable and significantly affected by mucilage type, whereas Zn showed lower, non-monotonic removal. ESEM-EDS detected PTE-bearing inorganic domains within the recovered flocs, corroborating transfer from the liquid to the solid phase. Overall, mechanical homogenization modified the colloidal, supramolecular, and gel-related properties of spray-dried nopal mucilage, which showed potential as a multifunctional hydrocolloid for treating chemically complex cyanidation process streams.