From Printability to Biofunctionality: 3D-Printed Hydrogel Scaffolds for Multi-Tissue Engineering

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Tissue Engineering
• Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix, offering tunable properties for tissue engineering.
• Research is shifting from printability to developing bioactive scaffolds with tissue-specific functions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review advances in 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds for multi-tissue engineering.
• To emphasize regenerative applications in bone, cartilage, vascular, neural, and skin tissues.
• To discuss challenges and future directions in the field.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of recent advances in 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds.
• Focus on material composition, printing strategies, and biofactor delivery for tissue-specific demands.
• Analysis of applications in various tissue engineering contexts.

Main Results:

• 3D-printed hydrogels are crucial for creating complex, functional tissue constructs.
• Significant progress has been made in tailoring scaffolds for specific tissue requirements.
• The transition from printability to biofunctionality is a key trend.

Conclusions:

• 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds are vital for multi-tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
• Addressing challenges in mechanical properties, microenvironment, and vascularization is crucial for future development.
• This review provides a reference for designing and applying functional hydrogel scaffolds.