The Immune System and the Plural Autisms: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Developmental Neuroscience
• Autism Research

Background:

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents significant heterogeneity, making universal biomarkers elusive.
• The diverse presentations of ASD may be partly explained by variations in observable traits and developmental paths.
• Understanding the underlying biology of ASD is challenged by its complex and varied nature.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current research on the connection between immune system functions and the heterogeneity observed in autism spectrum disorder.
• To explore the role of immune processes, including under-, over-, and autoimmune conditions, in different manifestations of autism.
• To identify limitations in existing research and highlight the need for further investigation into immune-related aspects of autism.

Main Methods:

• A narrative review approach was utilized.
• The review synthesized findings from various studies examining immune system involvement in autism.
• Research focusing on immune functions across different autism presentations was analyzed.

Main Results:

• Evidence suggests a potential link between immune system dysregulation and various forms of autism.
• Immune system involvement spans under-, over-, and autoimmune processes in the context of autism.
• Current research is limited by small sample sizes, focus on specific subgroups, and reliance on case observations.

Conclusions:

• While a connection between the immune system and autism is suggested, substantial limitations exist in current evidence.
• Further detailed studies are necessary to explore immune-related screening in autism.
• Limited evidence suggests potential for personalized immune-affecting interventions following appropriate screening.