[Bacteriophage Therapy in Orthopaedics and Trauma]

Bacteriophage therapy has re-emerged as a potential adjunctive strategy in the management of orthopedic and trauma-related infections, particularly fracture-related infection (FRI) and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). These conditions are associated with biofilm formation, repeated surgery, prolonged antimicrobial therapy, impaired functional outcomes, and increasing rates of multidrug-resistant pathogens. The therapeutic rationale of bacteriophages is based on their high specificity for target bacteria, their ability to replicate at the site of infection, and their potential activity against biofilm. Experimental studies have demonstrated reduced bacterial burden, biofilm disruption, and improved efficacy of combined phage-antibiotic treatment. Progress made in local delivery systems and rapid diagnostic methods facilitates the development of personalized phage-based approaches. Nevertheless, current clinical evidence remains limited and largely derives from case reports and small series. Although preliminary results are encouraging, the role of bacteriophage therapy in routine orthopedic practice has not yet been established. At present, bacteriophage therapy should be regarded as an individualized adjunctive treatment option rather than an established standard of care for PJI and FRI.