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Frictional Resistance of Stainless Steel, Graphene-Coated, and Tungsten Disulfide-Coated Archwires with Ceramic
Deenadayalan Purushothaman1, Deepak Chandrasekharan1
1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.
Aim:
To evaluate and compare the frictional resistance of stainless steel, graphene-coated, and WS 2 -coated archwires with polycrystalline ceramic brackets under different ligation methods and environmental conditions.
Materials And Methods:
This in-vitro study included 120 archwire specimens (0.019 × 0.025-inch), divided into six groups based on wire type and ligation method: stainless steel (SS-EM, SS-SSL), stainless steel alloy coated with graphene (G-EM, G-SSL), and WS 2 -coated (WS 2 -EM, WS 2 -SSL). Frictional resistance was measured using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (UTM) under dry and wet (artificial saliva) conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
Results:
Stainless steel archwires demonstrated the highest frictional resistance in both dry (SS-SSL: 8.35 ± 0.11) and wet conditions (9.35 ± 0.42). Stainless steel alloy coated with graphene archwires exhibited the lowest friction, particularly under dry conditions (G-EM: 5.40 ± 0.20). WS 2 -coated archwires showed intermediate values. Friction increased in all groups under wet conditions. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among most groups ( P < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Graphene and WS 2 coatings significantly reduce frictional resistance compared to conventional stainless steel archwires. Stainless steel alloy coated with graphene archwires demonstrated superior performance, suggesting their potential to enhance orthodontic sliding mechanics and improve treatment efficiency.
