Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 5, 2026
Normothermic Ex Vivo Liver Machine Perfusion in Mouse
Published on: September 25, 2023
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide as a Potential Biomarker for Graft Viability During Normothermic Machine
Kilian A Walter1, Leonard Boerger1, Anna Pietsch1
1Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
Background:
The shortage of donor organs has increased the use of extended criteria donor (ECD) grafts in liver transplantation. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) could be used as a platform for real-time quality assessment, which is crucial since ECD grafts are more susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). As nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central mediator of cellular antioxidativedefense, reduced intracellular NAD (iNAD+) levels in grafts sustaining greater injury may reflect diminished antioxidative capacity and could serve as a marker to assess graft quality. This study aimed to investigate iNAD+ in comparison to existing damage-associated parameters for liver graft quality in a small animal NMP model simulating ECD conditions through advanced donor age, prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT), and donation after circulatory death (DCD).
Methods:
Fifty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rat livers were analyzed across six experimental groups defined by donor age (3 months [young] or 12 months [elderly]), procurement modality (standard procurement or donation after circulatory death [DCD]), and cold ischemia time (CIT; 6 h or 12 h), followed by 6 h of NMP. No livers were excluded from analysis. iNAD+ levels were quantified using a colorimetric enzymatic assay.
Results:
Perfusate iNAD+ levels continuously rose over time during NMP and differed significantly between intervention groups (p = 0.003). iNAD+ correlated negatively with ALT levels (R = -0.36, p = 0.024) and liver tissue necrosis in grafts (perfusate R = -0.24, p = 0.17; tissue R = -0.19, p = 0.2), although these associations did not reach statistical significance. Long CIT, higher donor age, and DCD procurement were associated with lower iNAD+ levels. iNAD+ did not correlate with lactate clearance or bile production (both p > 0.05). A non-significant trend toward a positive association between iNAD+ and glucose metabolism was observed (R = 0.29, p = 0.077).
Discussion:
Higher perfusate iNAD+ levels were associated with better organ performance, consistent with iNAD+ reflecting the graft's antioxidative metabolic capacity. Lower iNAD+ levels in elderly and DCD grafts aligned with established damage markers. Perfusate iNAD+ may therefore offer a complementary tool for evaluating metabolic activity and organ performance during NMP, pending prospective validation.
