Inorganic Polyphosphate in Hematolymphoid Malignancies: Biological Rationale and Emerging Research Gaps

Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are linear phosphate polymers that play essential functions in human physiology, such as coagulation and inflammation. Despite their recognized participation in solid tumor progression, there are few data on hematolymphoid malignancies. Here, we conducted a narrative review of studies investigating polyP functions in mammalian biology, coagulation, and hematologic systems, focusing on research gaps in hematological oncology. PolyP modulates coagulation cascades, platelet activation, and cellular metabolism. In tumors, polyP has been reported to modulate immune responses and apoptosis in several experimental systems. Emerging data suggest participation in leukemic signaling and the bone marrow microenvironment. Direct evidence linking polyP to hematolymphoid neoplasms is scarce. Being biologically plausible, it represents a promising and largely unexplored area of research and an excellent opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches.