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Psychological Distress in Family Members of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Factors and
Piotr Bromber1, Mariola Borowska1, Beata Gellert1
1School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education of Warsaw, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
Background:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects not only diagnosed individuals but also their families, who often experience long-term psychological and organizational burden. This study aimed to assess depression, anxiety, and stress among family members of individuals with ASD and to identify socio-demographic and family-related associated factors of psychological distress, with particular attention to high-risk groups, social inequalities, and the healthcare system context.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2025 among 310 family members of individuals with ASD. Data were collected using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method via the Ariadna Nationwide Research Panel. Psychological distress was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21).
Results:
Respondents reported substantial levels of psychological distress. Severe or extremely severe symptoms were most common for anxiety (41.29%), followed by depression (35.48%) and stress (27.74%). Younger respondent age was consistently associated with higher depression, anxiety, and stress. Lower income was associated with higher depression and anxiety, indicating the importance of socio-economic inequalities.
Conclusions:
The findings highlight the need to identify high-risk groups and develop family-centered, coordinated support within the healthcare system, with particular attention to social inequalities, continuity of care, and access to psychological and therapeutic services.
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