Computer Simulation of Tooth Wear in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Quantitative Predictions for Captive...

Tooth wear is a major health and welfare issue for captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), but quantitative data on wear progression across different tooth types and chewing behaviors are lacking. In this study, a two-dimensional computer simulation (Processing, Java-based) was developed to model wear of giant panda canine, second premolar, and second molar teeth under two bamboo-chewing orientations (horizontal vs. vertical). Species-specific enamel hardness (344 HV), bite forces (canine: 1030 N; premolar: 1142 N; molar: 2005 N), and a stochastic chewing cycle were incorporated into the simulation. The results showed that canine wear was faster during horizontal chewing (45.68 pixel layers/100 cycles) than during vertical chewing (36.76 pixel layers/100 cycles), while premolar and molar wear were faster during vertical chewing (34.24 and 51.52 pixel layers/100 cycles, respectively) compared to horizontal chewing (10.28 and 39.40 pixel layers/100 cycles). Molars exhibited the highest overall wear rate. The predicted functional lifespan was estimated to be 47~55 years for canines; 19~34 years for premolars; and 23~29 years for molars. This study provides the first quantitative, cycle-by-cycle wear progression model for giant panda teeth.