Integrating Fermentation and Extrusion to Enhance Texture, Stability, and Nutritional Quality of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus...

The increasing global demand for affordable, nutrient-dense plant-based foods highlights the need to valorize underutilized legumes through suitable processing technologies. This study developed extruded chunk products from blends of fermented and unfermented pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) flour, button mushroom powder, and cassava starch at ratios of 90:2.5:7.5, 90:5.0:5.0, and 90:7.5:2.5 (w/w/w) using a single-screw extruder. Button mushroom powder was incorporated to increase dietary fiber and mineral content due to its abundance of β-glucans and chitin, whereas cassava starch served as a texturizing and binding agent, promoting melt cohesion and expansion during extrusion. Optimal processing conditions were 13-15% feed moisture and a barrel temperature gradient of 100-140 °C. Fermentation significantly improved textural properties, increasing hardness (up to 22,802 g) and crispness (up to 55,099 g/s), likely due to protein modifications that enhanced matrix formation. In contrast, unfermented samples exhibited higher water holding capacity (264-286 g/100 g). All formulations showed low water activity (0.426-0.524), indicating good shelf stability. Protein content remained consistent (18.80-19.45%), while crude fiber ranged from 18.15 to 21.80%. These results showed that the integration of fermentation and extrusion provides an effective, low-cost approach for improving the structural, nutritional, and storage properties of pigeon pea-based products, supporting the development of nutrient-dense plant-based foods industry that are acceptable and sustainable, thereby supporting sustainable agriculture.