Magnesium Status in Celiac Disease: Potential Links with Neuroinflammatory Pathways and Gut-Brain Axis Dysfunction

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy characterized by intestinal inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and a wide range of extraintestinal manifestations, including neurological disorders. Magnesium (Mg) status has attracted increasing interest because Mg is involved in inflammatory regulation, oxidative balance, mitochondrial function, calcium homeostasis, and neuronal signaling, suggesting a potential role in neuroimmune pathways and gut-brain axis communication. This narrative review critically evaluates the available evidence regarding the relationship between Mg status, neuroinflammation, and gut-brain axis dysfunction in CD. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing primarily on studies published between 2019 and 2025, while earlier landmark publications were included to provide mechanistic context. The review was conducted according to the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA). Current evidence indicates that reduced Mg status in CD is primarily associated with intestinal malabsorption, chronic inflammation, and dietary inadequacies. Experimental and translational studies support several mechanisms through which Mg may influence neuroimmune signaling; however, clinical evidence directly linking altered Mg status to neurological manifestations in patients with CD remains limited. Overall, Mg should be regarded as a potential modifier of inflammatory and neuroimmune pathways rather than an independent pathogenic factor. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the contribution of Mg homeostasis to neurological manifestations in CD.