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Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
Published on: May 23, 2018
A Sensitive Cloud Point Extraction-Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium Using Pyrogallol and Aliquat 336
Andrea Gajdošová1, Petya Racheva2, Antoaneta Saravanska2
1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia.
Abstract:
A novel centrifuge-less cloud-point extraction (CL-CPE) method based on pyrogallol (PG) was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of total vanadium. The method employs a mixed micelle-mediated extraction system comprising the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 and the ionic liquid Aliquat 336 (A336), which serves as a source of monovalent cations capable of forming an ion pair with the anionic vanadium-PG chelate. The extracted species, (A336+)[VIV(OH)(PG)2], exhibits several absorption maxima (309, 362, and 436 nm), providing enhanced selectivity through appropriate wavelength selection according to the sample matrix. The principal absorption maximum occurs at 309 nm. At a sevenfold preconcentration factor, the method provides high sensitivity at this wavelength, with a molar absorptivity of 3.2 × 107 L mol-1 cm-1, a limit of detection of 0.11 ng mL-1, and a Sandell sensitivity of 1.6 × 10-3 ng cm-2. The applicability of the method was demonstrated through the analysis of drinking water samples, spent vanadium catalyst materials, and vanadium-containing dietary supplements. The method was further evaluated using the RGBfast model, a white analytical chemistry assessment tool that integrates analytical performance, environmental sustainability, and practical and economic efficiency. The evaluation indicated a high overall whiteness score.
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