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A 24 GHz-Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Beyond-5G: A Combined ComGAPSO and ImGKAN Approach
Unal Aras1, Tahesin Samira Delwar1,2, Khizra Tariq1
1Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
Micromachines
|July 28, 2026
Summary
A novel hybrid optimization approach using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization with improved Kolmogorov-Arnold networks optimizes a CMOS up-conversion mixer for 5G. This design enhances linearity and stability, achieving excellent performance metrics.
Area of Science:
- Electrical Engineering
- Signal Processing
- Telecommunications
Background:
- Up-conversion mixers are critical components in 5G communication systems.
- Nonlinearity and parasitic capacitances degrade mixer performance, necessitating advanced optimization techniques.
Purpose of the Study:
- To design and optimize a CMOS up-conversion mixer for 5G applications.
- To enhance linearity, gain, and stability while minimizing distortion and parasitic effects.
Main Methods:
- A hybrid optimization strategy combining genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization (ComGAPSO) with improved Kolmogorov-Arnold networks (ImGKAN).
- Incorporation of an enhanced linearity boosting technique (LBT) and a tunable capacitive feedback common-source (TCF-CS) structure.
- Modeling and compensation of nonlinearities and parasitic capacitances for improved parameter determination.
Main Results:
- Achieved a peak conversion gain (CG) of 4.2 dB near 24 GHz.
- Demonstrated excellent isolation: LO-IF at -44 dB, RF-IF at -30 dB, and LO-RF at -39 dB.
- Reported an output 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 5.1 dBm, input 1 dB compression point (IP1dB) of -1.1 dBm, and a minimum noise figure (NF) of 3.8 dB at 24 GHz.
Conclusions:
- The ComGAPSO-trained ImGKAN hybrid approach effectively optimizes CMOS up-conversion mixers.
- The integrated LBT and TCF-CS structure significantly improves linearity, gain, and stability.
- The optimized mixer meets the demanding performance requirements for 5G communication systems.
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