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Myopia as a Global Public Health Challenge a Narrative Review
Francesca-Cristiana Dohotariu1, Nicoleta Anton2, Valeria Coviltir3
1Doctoral School, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 28, 2026
Summary
Global myopia is rising due to genetics and environment. Personalized treatments using biomarkers, genetics, and AI show promise for effective myopia control and management.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Genetics
- Environmental Health
Background:
- Global myopia prevalence has significantly increased, influenced by genetics and environmental factors.
- Over 400 susceptibility loci are implicated in myopia development.
- Genetic predisposition interacting with environmental exposures is crucial for myopia onset and progression.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current evidence on myopia development, progression, and management.
- To synthesize findings on genetic and environmental influences on myopia.
- To explore the role of precision medicine in individualized myopia treatment.
Main Methods:
- Structured narrative review of systematic database searches.
- Inclusion of prospective cohort studies, RCTs, mechanistic investigations, and genetic analyses.
- Manual screening of references for relevant literature.
Main Results:
- Environmental factors like limited outdoor time, near work, and academic pressure accelerate myopia progression.
- Axial length (AL), AL/CR ratio, and choroidal thinning are key biometric predictors.
- Molecular, cellular, and genetic pathways (syndromic and polygenic) significantly contribute to myopia progression.
Conclusions:
- Precision medicine approaches are vital for evolving myopia management strategies.
- Biomarkers, genetic profiling, and artificial intelligence can enhance personalized risk assessment.
- Individualized therapeutic strategies are key for effective myopia treatment and control.
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