Magnesium Attenuates the Association Between Mixed Element Exposure and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults

Depressive symptoms are common in older adults and may be influenced by environmental element exposure. This study evaluated associations of individual and mixed blood element concentrations with depressive symptoms in older adults. A total of 1302 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years were included in a 2022 cross-sectional survey, and 384 of them also participated in a 2016 survey. Whole-blood concentrations of 18 elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the GDS-30. Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline regression, weighted quantile sum regression, quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression were applied. In the longitudinal subcohort, baseline aluminum and vanadium concentrations were inversely associated with the remission of depressive symptoms. In the cross-sectional analysis, aluminum, strontium, and barium were positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas magnesium was inversely associated. Mixture analyses suggested that the positive association of the aluminum-strontium-barium mixture with depressive symptoms was attenuated after magnesium was added to the model. These findings indicate that co-exposure to aluminum, strontium, and barium was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas magnesium was inversely associated and appeared to attenuate the observed mixture association.