Non-Contact Measurement of LED Junction Temperature Based on Normalized Integral Width (NIW) of the Emission Spectrum

Junction temperature (T_j) is a key parameter that directly governs the optical performance and operational reliability of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which have become indispensable in modern illumination and display systems. Accurate real-time T_j monitoring is critical for ensuring device longevity and consistent light output. Although the forward voltage method (FVM) remains the industry benchmark, its practical implementation is hindered by the need for costly high-speed switching modules and ultra-low-current calibration sources, restricting its deployment in real-time and cost-sensitive scenarios. To overcome these limitations, we introduce and experimentally validate a non-contact optical method for T_j determination that leverages the normalized integral width (NIW) of the LED emission spectrum as a temperature-sensitive spectral parameter. The underlying principle is that spectral broadening-arising from enhanced carrier thermal excitation and temperature-induced bandgap shrinkage-exhibits a robust and quantifiable linear correlation with T_j. Both theoretical analysis and experimental data confirm that this mechanism underpins the excellent linear correlation between NIW and T_j observed across a wide range of LED types, including monochromatic (red, green, blue) and phosphor-converted white LEDs. A rigorous theoretical analysis establishes the mathematical framework linking NIW to T_j. Experimentally, a measurement system centered on a modified commercial spectrometer was constructed. Extensive testing on a diverse array of power LEDs consistently demonstrates an excellent linear correlation (R² > 0.998) between NIW and T_j under normal drive conditions (e.g., typical operating currents). A comparative analysis against the benchmark FVM, conducted using a Mentor Graphics T3Ster system, demonstrates that the proposed method achieves comparable measurement accuracy, with a maximum deviation of merely 2.1 °C, while substantially reducing system cost and complexity. Validation across diverse LED types confirmed excellent linearity and high repeatability. A comparative analysis with established optical methods (e.g., peak wavelength, blue-white ratio, Raman thermography) further underscores the advantages of the NIW method in terms of cost-effectiveness, measurement speed, and broader applicability. Subsequent evaluation of critical factors, including self-heating, ambient light interference, and spectrometer resolution, demonstrates its robustness. Consequently, the NIW method presents a practical solution for real-time, non-intrusive thermal monitoring, well-suited for industrial LED production and quality control.