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Integrative Inflammation-Metabolism Indicator for Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: Evaluating the C-Reactive
Yupeng Zeng1,2, Huhao Feng2,3, Haiying Cheng2,3
1The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China, jnu.edu.cn.
Insights
The C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) is the best inflammatory biomarker for assessing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome severity. Higher CTI levels predict increased CKM progression risk across multiple large cohorts.
Area of Science:
- Biomarkers
- Inflammation
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
Background:
- Inflammation is crucial in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome development and progression.
- An optimal inflammatory biomarker for CKM severity and progression is needed.
Purpose of the Study:
- Identify the most informative inflammatory biomarker for CKM.
- Validate its association with CKM severity and predict CKM progression.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from NHANES, UK Biobank, and CHARLS cohorts.
- Applied machine learning to identify the optimal biomarker.
- Validated associations and predictive value using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses (Cox models).
Main Results:
- C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) identified as the most informative biomarker.
- Higher CTI consistently associated with advanced CKM across three cohorts (ORs 1.35-1.55).
- Elevated CTI predicted increased risk of incident advanced CKM in longitudinal analyses (HRs 1.21-1.22).
Conclusions:
- CTI is a robust inflammatory biomarker for CKM severity assessment and progression prediction.
- Reproducible findings support CTI's utility for early detection and risk stratification in CKM management.
Background:
Inflammation plays a critical role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. However, the optimal inflammatory biomarker that simultaneously reflects disease severity and predicts future progression of CKM remains unexplored.
Methods:
This study utilized data from three nationally representative cohorts: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), UK Biobank (UKB), and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). In NHANES, three machine learning approaches were applied to identify the inflammatory biomarker most strongly associated with CKM stages. The association between this biomarker and CKM severity was validated in UKB and CHARLS. Its predictive value for CKM progression was examined in UKB and CHARLS with Cox proportional hazard models. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure the robustness of the findings.
Results:
Among 15 circulating inflammatory biomarkers, the C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) was identified as the most informative indicator of advanced CKM risk. In the cross-sectional analyses, 8959 participants from NHANES, 208,625 from UKB, and 8550 from CHARLS were included. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher CTI levels were consistently associated with advanced CKM across the three cohorts (NHANES: odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.48; UKB: OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.46-1.64; CHARLS: OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.28-1.60). In longitudinal analyses including 186,753 participants from UKB and 3673 from CHARLS, elevated CTI levels predicted an increased risk of incident advanced CKM (UKB: HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.17-1.30; CHARLS: HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.46).
Conclusions:
CTI emerged as the most robust inflammatory biomarker for assessing disease severity and predicting CKM progression among multiple candidates. Its reproducible associations across national cohorts support its utility for early detection and risk stratification, offering a basis to refine CKM management.
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