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MXene Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting: Design and Translation
Begüm Sarac1,2,3, Seydanur Yücer1,2,3, Fatih Ciftci1,2,3
1Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 28, 2026
Summary
This review presents a framework for MXene bioinks, linking their properties to printability and biological outcomes. It addresses challenges for developing clinically viable electroactive scaffolds from these advanced nanomaterials.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Biomedical Engineering
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- MXenes are 2D nanomaterials with electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity, ideal for electroactive bioinks.
- Current research lacks a unified framework connecting MXene properties to bioink performance and biological results.
Purpose of the Study:
- Establish a structure-rheology-biofunction paradigm for MXene bioinks.
- Analyze how synthesis and surface chemistry affect printability, electrical properties, and cell interactions.
- Identify challenges and propose design criteria for clinical translation.
Main Methods:
- Critical review of synthesis routes, surface terminations, and oxidation dynamics.
- Analysis of mechanistic pathways for cell-material interactions (electrically mediated signaling, mechanotransduction).
- Evaluation of in vivo studies focusing on biodistribution, immune response, and biodegradation.
Main Results:
- Synthesis and surface chemistry significantly influence MXene bioink rheology, network formation, and cytocompatibility.
- Electrically mediated signaling and mechanotransduction are key in 3D constructs.
- In vivo studies show potential but highlight biodistribution and immune modulation concerns.
Conclusions:
- A design framework is proposed to guide MXene bioink development.
- Key translational bottlenecks include oxidative instability, reproducibility, and sterilization.
- Actionable criteria are defined to advance MXene bioinks towards clinical applications.
