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Updated: Aug 5, 2026
04:51
Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
Published on: June 23, 2023
Advances in Ligand Development for Wacker-Type Oxidation
Xianwen Zeng1,2, Liping Chen3, Wenxuan Wang2
1Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi province, China.
ACS Omega
|July 28, 2026
Summary
Ligand engineering overcomes limitations in Wacker-type oxidation, enabling greener and more selective alkene-to-carbonyl conversions. This review highlights advances in palladium and palladium-free catalysis for improved synthetic utility.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Catalysis
- Sustainable Chemistry
Background:
- Wacker-type oxidation is crucial for converting alkenes to carbonyl compounds.
- The traditional Wacker-Tsuji system has limitations: corrosive chloride use, poor regiocontrol, noble metal dependence, and sustainability concerns.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive review of ligand-controlled Wacker-type oxidation.
- To dissect the regulatory mechanisms of ligands in this transformation.
- To highlight recent advances and future perspectives.
Main Methods:
- Systematic dissection of ligand regulatory mechanisms.
- Holistic overview of ligand-modulated palladium catalysis.
- Summary of ligand-enabled palladium-free oxidation systems.
Main Results:
- Ligand engineering offers solutions to classic Wacker system limitations.
- Advances include chloride/copper-free systems, switchable regioselectivity, and asymmetric catalysis.
- Palladium-free systems using earth-abundant metals achieve novel anti-Markovnikov selectivity.
Conclusions:
- Ligand design is key to developing efficient, selective, and sustainable Wacker-type oxidation.
- Future research should focus on addressing unresolved challenges for next-generation catalysts.
- This review guides the development of improved catalytic systems.
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