Emerging copper-based hollow nanoplatforms for cancer treatment

Nanomedicines have significantly advanced tumor treatment, with hollow copper (Cu)-based nanostructures emerging as a uniquely promising nanoplatform. Their degradable frameworks enable controlled release of various therapeutic agents, facilitating chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), immunotherapy, and related modalities. Simultaneously, liberated Cu ions drive chemodynamic therapy (CDT) via Fenton-like reactions and trigger cuproptosis. A critical effect of this combined action is the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby amplifying antitumor immunity. Moreover, the inherent physicochemical properties of these nanostructures support multimodal diagnostic functions, which enable accurate imaging-guided interventions. Herein, we present a systematic overview of the latest developments in hollow Cu-based nanoplatforms, covering inorganic Cu nanostructures, Cu-doped composites, matrix-supported Cu systems, and Cu-based complexes, for diverse cancer therapies. We also discuss rational design strategies to achieve synergistic therapeutic outcomes and conclude with an analysis of translational challenges and future directions toward clinical adoption.