A Systematic Review of the Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Area of Science:

• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• Public Health
• Mental Health Research

Background:

• Autistic individuals experience shorter lifespans and higher rates of physical and psychiatric comorbidities, posing significant mental health challenges.
• Suicide-related behaviors are a serious concern in autism, linked to mental health conditions, social isolation, and other contributing factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review existing evidence on the risk and protective factors associated with suicidal behaviors in autistic populations.
• To identify key sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive factors that serve as early warning signs for suicidal behaviors in autism.

Main Methods:

• A systematic literature review was conducted using major electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycInfo.
• Studies were screened based on PRISMA guidelines and specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, focusing on empirical research.
• Nineteen studies reporting on risk and protective factors for suicide in autism were included in the final analysis.

Main Results:

• Multiple risk factors were identified, with psychiatric comorbidities, bullying, cyberbullying, teacher harassment, and cognitive functions emerging as significant contributors.
• Evidence for protective factors is less extensive, though positive social relationships were highlighted as a potential buffer.
• Key sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive risk factors were identified as crucial alarm signs.

Conclusions:

• Understanding and identifying specific risk factors, such as psychiatric issues and adverse social experiences, is paramount for early detection of suicidal behaviors in autistic individuals.
• While protective factors require further investigation, the importance of social relationships underscores the need for supportive environments.
• This review provides critical insights for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate suicide risk in the autistic community.