A Review of Multiscale Structural Design for Electromagnetic Functionality Based on Graphene-Based Fibers

Graphene-based fibers integrate the intrinsic superior properties of graphene with flexibility and weavability of fiber materilas. Through innovative multiscale structural engineering that spans from molecular defect manipulation to mesoscopic fiber assembly and macroscopic weaving integration, these fibers exhibit a superior synergy of lightweight construction, broad-frequency response, and high absorption capability. This review summarizes recent progress, focusing on nanoscale regulation via chemical bonding, biomimetic layering, and 3D porous architectures to optimize interfacial polarization and conductive loss. It elucidates energy dissipation dynamics across heterogeneous interfaces and emphasizes the role of weaving technology in multiscale integration. Systematic analysis of the transition from mesoscopic fibers to macroscopic architectures deepens the understanding of effective medium theory and impedance matching. Furthermore, a comparative study of woven, knitted, and nonwoven structures reveals unique electromagnetic behaviors. These materials hold broad prospects for intelligent stealth, aerospace, and wearable electronics, providing theoretical guidance for future functional fiber designs.