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Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity development and progression in the Philippines

Roland Joseph D Tan1, Rachel R Milante2,3, Adriel Vincent R Te4

  • 1Southern Isabela Medical Center, Santiago City 3311, Isabela, Region II, Philippines.

International Journal of Ophthalmology
|July 29, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affects 25% of premature infants in the Philippines, with lower gestational age and birthweight being key risk factors. This study highlights significant ROP incidence and progression across various Philippine regions.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neonatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a significant cause of visual impairment in premature infants.
  • Understanding the clinico-epidemiologic profile and risk factors for ROP is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Previous data on ROP in the Philippines is limited, particularly across different regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the clinico-epidemiologic profile of premature infants with ROP in the Philippines.
  • To identify risk factors associated with ROP development and progression to severe, aggressive ROP (TOSA ROP).
  • To compare ROP incidence and treatment outcomes across different regions of the Philippines.

Main Methods:

  • A multiregional ambispective cohort study involving 20 hospitals in 12 Philippine regions.
  • Inclusion criteria: premature infants (<37 weeks gestational age) referred for ROP screening.
  • Analysis of demographic, neonatal, and maternal risk factors; comparison between National Capital Region (NCR) and non-NCR cohorts.

Main Results:

  • Of 1900 infants, 25% developed ROP, and 37% of those progressed to TOSA ROP.
  • Lower gestational age, lower birthweight, male gender, and packed red blood cell transfusion were significant risk factors for ROP.
  • ROP incidence varied significantly by region, with higher rates in NCR compared to some regions, but lower than others.

Conclusions:

  • Lower gestational age, birthweight, male gender, and packed red blood cell transfusion are confirmed risk factors for ROP.
  • This study provides the first multiregional, multicenter data on ROP in the Philippines.
  • Substantial ROP incidence and progression occur beyond the NCR, emphasizing the need for nationwide screening and management strategies.
Abstract

Keywords:
Philippinesepidemiologymulticenter studyretinopathy of prematurityrisk factorsscreening

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