Polymer-specific abrasion and aging govern microplastic release from reusable plastic shaker bottles

Reusable plastic shaker bottles are widely used to prepare nutritional beverages, yet whether routine shaking with a stainless-steel mixing ball generates microplastics (MPs) and contributes to direct human exposure remains unclear. Here, MP release from polypropylene, polycarbonate, and Tritan shaker bottles was systematically investigated under user-relevant and controlled shaking conditions. All bottles released measurable MPs without a mixing ball, indicating baseline shedding of pre-existing manufacturing residues. The mixing ball markedly enhanced MP release through localized ball-plastic abrasion, with estimated annual releases of ∼42 -72 μg per bottle. MP release varied with polymer type, shaking protocol, and usage stage, and generally increased during continued use. Optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy revealed polymer-specific spectral alterations in individual MPs. Notably, polycarbonate exhibited surface etching and chemical bond scission, indicating mechanochemical decomposition rather than physical wear alone. Shaker bottle use was estimated to contribute 74,000 -146,000 particles to annual user intake and 550 -1,090 million particles to annual environmental emissions. These findings identify shaker bottle use as an overlooked source of MPs, underscoring the need to consider use-induced polymer aging in the design and safety evaluation of reusable plastic food-contact products.