Decoding tumor-associated autoantibodies in liver cancer: Mechanisms, clinical applications, and detection methods

Liver cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, still representing a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Its pathogenesis is complex and therefore not yet fully understood; however, emerging evidence highlights the interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation. Tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAAbs) have recently been considered promising biomarkers thanks to their immune responses to aberrant tumor-associated antigens. These autoantibodies influence tumor progression through antigen recognition, immune surveillance, and microenvironment modulation, although their precise roles require further investigation. This review examines the multifaceted potential of TAAbs in liver cancer, including the description of their generation and function, detection methods, and clinical utility in early diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis. The liver cancer treatment strategy based on TAAbs is also described. Despite progress in this area, challenges remain regarding standardization, understanding of the mechanism of action, and clinical translation. Future research should integrate multidisciplinary and AI technology to develop TAAbs-based precision medicine strategies. Uncovering TAAbs-related immune networks will enable the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, ultimately improving patient outcomes.