Diversity in energy transition: a multi-case study on DIY solar energy in Germany

The transition to renewable energy systems is not only a technological challenge but also a deeply social and cultural process with significant implications for intersectional equality. Citizen-led energy initiatives are often portrayed as ideal spaces for participatory engagement, yet they can reproduce exclusionary dynamics, particularly regarding gender-related injustices. With a particular focus on FLINTA*-persons this study examines how citizen-led, Do-It-Yourself (DIY) photovoltaic (PV) initiatives in Germany translate normative commitments to diversity and justice into everyday organizational practices. Using a comparative qualitative case study approach, six initiatives were analysed through document-analysis, interviews, and participant observations to explore reflexive orientations-how actors understand gender, diversity, and justice-and performative practices-how these orientations are enacted through strategies, activities, and organizational forms. Findings reveal persistent gaps between diversity aspirations and implementation, shaped by limited resources, organizational constraints, and socio-cultural barriers. Patriarchal norms continue to limit FLINTA*'s participation, even in initiatives explicitly committed to inclusivity, while masculinities within these initiatives often reproduce subtle exclusionary practices. To capture these dynamics, we introduce the concept of ecological-hegemonic masculinity, describing configurations in which men, despite valuing renewable energy, social benefits, and care-oriented narratives, continue to align with hegemonic norms of autonomy, control, and guidance. Furthermore, the study contributes a novel perspective linking reflexive and performative approaches to inclusion and highlights conditions under which diversity efforts succeed or falter. From a practical standpoint, creating protected spaces for FLINTA* and other marginalized groups, alongside sustained financial and institutional support, is essential for moving inclusion from individual motivation to structurally embedded practice. These insights advance both theoretical understanding and actionable strategies for achieving socially just energy transitions.