Targeting neuroimmune interactions: the therapeutic potential of kaempferol in immune-related central nervous system...

Neuroinflammation is recognized as a pivotal pathological process underlying a spectrum of neurological disorders. The exploration of natural flavonoids as therapeutic agents has substantially advanced our understanding of strategies to mitigate neuroinflammatory injury. Accumulating evidence indicates that kaempferol-a dietary flavonoid abundantly present in various fruits and vegetables-exerts potent neuroprotective effects in multiple neurological conditions. Its beneficial actions are mediated through multi-target mechanisms, primarily involving the suppression of microglial activation, modulation of immune cell reactivity, and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defenses. These mechanisms collectively contribute to reduced production of inflammatory mediators, alleviation of oxidative stress, and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis, thereby counteracting the pathogenesis of various neuroinflammatory diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge on the protective role of kaempferol in the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system disorders. We further elucidate the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, as well as autophagy and oxidative stress. Additionally, potential challenges in clinical translation, such as bioavailability and blood-brain barrier permeability, are discussed to guide future research in this promising field. Elucidating the pleiotropic actions of kaempferol will not only deepen our understanding of its pharmacodynamics but may also open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammatory-related neurological diseases.