From promise to practice: artificial intelligence in mental health care in the MENA region

Mental health disorders represent a growing burden across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where depression and anxiety are highly prevalent amid conflict, displacement, and socioeconomic strain, affecting up to 40 percent of adults, yet treatment gaps remain at 80-95% due to provider shortages, financial strain, and cultural barriers. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI), in the form of large language models (LLMs) and specialized psychotherapy chatbots, may offer a scalable adjunct to help address these gaps through anonymous screening, predictive risk modeling, psychoeducation, and brief interventions. This narrative review examines current evidence of AI-driven conversational tools in mental health with a specific focus on their application, acceptance, and limitations within the MENA region. To do so, A structured search of MEDLINE and Embase (2000-2026) identified studies on conversational AI in mental health, prioritizing evidence from the MENA region and supplemented by relevant global literature. Overall, findings suggest that while these tools offer high accessibility and user engagement, particularly for low-intensity support, their effectiveness is limited by linguistic and cultural mismatches, including Arabic diglossia and poor alignment with locally grounded expressions of distress. At the same time, user acceptance reflects a paradox in which stigma and privacy concerns drive reliance on anonymous AI tools while simultaneously limiting trust in their clinical reliability, reinforcing a preference for hybrid models with human oversight. Taken together, these findings indicate that current systems remain insufficiently adapted to the MENA context, underscoring the need for culturally grounded, dialect-sensitive, and clinically supervised approaches to ensure safe and effective integration.