Gender Inequality in Surgery - a Narrative Review

This narrative review summarises structural, cultural, psychosocial, and organisational factors associated with gender-specific disadvantages in surgical training and career progression. The analysis highlights differences in surgical exposure, access to mentoring and sponsorship, hierarchical power structures, work-family compatibility, and the conditions of institutional framework. The available evidence suggests that unequal career trajectories in surgery are not solely attributable to individual choices, but are shaped by modifiable structural conditions. Transparent training structures, documented allocation processes, structured support measures, and family-compatible training models may help promote more equitable career opportunities.