Barriers to access to ophthalmology services in Latin America: A Scoping review

Visual impairment is a global public health priority because of its high prevalence and impact on quality of life. In Latin America, access to ophthalmologic care is limited by multiple barriers that especially affect vulnerable populations and hinder the timely detection and management of preventable visual diseases. This scoping review aimed to describe the available evidence on the barriers affecting access to ophthalmology services in Latin America. In accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, a search was conducted in four scientific databases (PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science), including studies published between January 2010 and June 2025 that addressed barriers to accessing ophthalmology services in Latin America and excluding those focused on other regions of the world. Sixty-eight studies were included, with the main barriers identified being structural, geographic, economic, sociocultural, technological, and health system barriers. Among the strategies implemented to improve access, teleophthalmology, mobile brigades, educational campaigns, and the strengthening of primary care stand out, although significant inequalities persist between regions and population groups. Access to ophthalmologic care in Latin America continues to be affected by multiple barriers that especially affect the most vulnerable populations. Although progress has been made through various strategies, it is necessary to strengthen the integration of services, invest in human and technological resources, and prioritise equity to advance toward universal and effective eye care coverage in the region.