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Updated: Aug 5, 2026
Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
Published on: January 30, 2020
Performance Evaluation of Single- and Double-Layer CZT Compton Cameras for 225Ac Imaging
Gyohyeok Song1, Biswajit Das2, Youngho Seo3
1Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea, and also with the Department of Radiology and Biomedical imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
None:
We evaluated a 3-D-positioning Compton camera based on cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) detectors in the context of imaging of 225Ac. 225Ac, an alpha-emitting radionuclide, shows strong potential for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) of cancer. Its decay chain includes emission of 440-keV gamma rays (from 213Bi), which enables Compton imaging. Due to the extremely low injected activities of TAT radiopharmaceuticals, especially for 225Ac-based ones, the ability to measure gamma rays with high sensitivity is critical, and Compton cameras can provide higher sensitivities than collimated cameras. In Compton cameras, precise angular resolution is essential to provide good spatial resolution for accurate localization of radiopharmaceuticals. For this purpose, we customized the GDS-100 CZT camera (IDEAS) with two layers of CZT crystals to compare single- and double-layer Compton imaging. We measured and compared the key performance metrics for imaging of 225Ac, sensitivity, and angular resolution, to determine the performance of single- and double-layer CZT cameras for imaging of 225Ac. For comparison, we also characterized the camera at higher energies with a 137Cs source that emits 662-keV gamma rays. We optimized the depth of interaction (DOI) and center-of-gravity methods for 3-D positioning, followed by 3-D voxel-based energy calibration. Our results show that a double-layer configuration can improve the angular resolution measure (ARM) more than a factor of three from 14.0° to 4.3° for 137Cs (662 keV), and from 15.8° to 8.9° for 225Ac (440 keV). On the other hand, we measured a sensitivity approximately 40 times higher for the single-layer setup with respect to the double-layer setup. This is due to the small size and absorption of scattered photons in the scatterer layer. A larger double-layer Compton camera implementing more detector area is expected to provide an equivalent sensitivity with the advantage of a much better angular resolution.
