Role of extracellular matrix in liver fibrosis regression and regeneration (Review)

The extracellular matrix (ECM), a critical component of the cellular microenvironment, is intimately linked to normal physiological functions and pathological alterations in tissues. In the liver, ECM homeostasis governs key processes including fibrogenesis, fibrosis regression and regeneration. These processes are not only influenced by ECM dynamics but also interconnected through ECM remodeling. These processes are closely related to Hepatic stellate cells and matrix metalloproteinases to a large extent. They are influenced by various pathways such as transforming growth factor‑β, hepatocyte growth factor, integrin‑linked kinase, Yes‑associated protein, regulating their activation, cellular senescence and functional processes. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating ECM alterations holds significant implications for developing therapies targeting liver fibrosis regression and regenerative enhancement. Currently, multiple drugs under research have been shown to affect the progression of liver fibrosis through these related mechanisms. Furthermore, such insights may contribute substantially to preventing malignant lesions, including hepatocellular carcinoma.