Mechanical properties, microstructure, and strike biomechanics of tubular fangs in neotropical vipers

Viper fangs represent one of the most mechanically sophisticated biological penetration devices found in nature. Despite extensive interest in their venom-delivery function, a comprehensive characterization of the structure, composition, and biomechanics of neotropical viper fangs remains lacking. This study presents the first integrated analysis of the tubular fangs of three Latin American viper species - Lachesis acrochorda, Crotalus durissus cumanensis, and Bothrops asper - combining optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution X-ray computed tomography, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Vickers microindentation, compression testing, and high-speed strike kinematics. All three species exhibited fangs composed of aprismatic enamel concentrated at the tip and a dentinal body organized around a fused venom-conducting canal, producing three distinct regions: an outer C-region, an inner C-region, and a suture line. Dentinal tubules were significantly branched throughout the fang length. The chemical composition, dominated by biological apatite and an organic collagen matrix, was consistent across species and comparable to crocodilian and chondrichthyan teeth. Vickers hardness in dentin ranged from approximately 0.4 to 0.6 GPa and varied along the fang axis. Hydrated fangs withstood compressive loads up to 30 N and stresses up to 110 MPa before failure near the tip, with a radial fracture mode distinct from that of dried specimens. Strike velocities ranged from 2.0 to 2.6 m/s during defensive strikes, with kinetic energies of approximately 2.5 to 3.0 J, neither differing significantly among species. These results demonstrate that neotropical vipers share a conserved fang design with implications for bioinspired penetration devices and functionally graded hard-tissue biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Viper fangs integrate controlled compositional gradients, hierarchical microstructure, and macro-scale curvature into a biological penetration system capable of repeated high-energy tissue puncture. This study provides the first integrated, fully hydrated characterization of the tubular fangs of three neotropical viper species - Lachesis acrochorda, Crotalus durissus cumanensis, and Bothrops asper - spanning microstructural imaging, compositional spectroscopy, mechanical testing, and high-speed strike kinematics. The findings reveal conserved structural solutions across species differing markedly in body size: an enamel gradient at the tip, branched dentinal tubules in three morphologically distinct regions, suture lines potentially contributing to impact-energy absorption, and dentin hardness comparable to human and crocodilian teeth. These results offer design principles for bioinspired penetration devices and functionally graded hard-tissue biomaterials.