An open-source application for applying rapid transient perturbations using a split-belt treadmill

The use of specialized perturbation systems has become an increasingly popular approach for investigating walking stability. By accelerating or decelerating one belt, researchers can induce slip- and trip-like perturbations in a controlled laboratory setting. However, many existing studies rely on specialized perturbation systems that require expertise in device-specific software and handling of the equipment, limiting the accessibility of perturbation-based gait research to laboratories with access to such equipment. To address this limitation, we developed an open-source method capable of inducing slip- and trip-like perturbations using a standard split-belt treadmill. Here, we 1) describe the hardware and software components of the system, 2) validate the application's accuracy and precision, and 3) characterize the stability demands imparted by the perturbations with spatial stability measurements. Measured perturbation onset delay and duration were compared to the desired onset timing and programmed duration in addition to step length, step width, minimum mediolateral margin of stability, and sagittal-plane whole-body angular momentum range during the perturbed and recovery steps.

Five participants with traumatic unilateral transtibial limb loss experienced perturbations consisting of brief, rapid increases or decreases in unilateral treadmill velocity, eliciting a "slip" or "trip". The mean (standard deviation) onset delay was 183.3 (9.7) ms, or 24.18% (1.91%) of stance duration. Mean perturbation duration was 239.90 (7.5) ms, 18.14% longer than the intended duration. The perturbations produced measurable changes in gait stability, such as increased step length during the perturbed step and step width during the subsequent recovery step in addition to increased minimum mediolateral margin of stability and sagittal whole body angular momentum.

This open-source method successfully induced instability in individuals with impaired balance, demonstrating its feasibility as an accessible alternative to specialized perturbation systems. Future work will focus on refining both the software and hardware components to further improve timing, accuracy, and consistency.