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Bridging the Gaps in School-Based Telehealth: A Scoping Review and Evaluation Framework
Sara Al-Ajlouny1,2, Zhaoqiang Zhou1,2, Suguna Kotte1,2
1Carolina Health Informatics Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Telemedicine Reports
|August 1, 2026
Summary
School-based telehealth (SBTH) is feasible and improves access to care. However, inconsistent evaluation practices hinder scalability. A new framework guides comprehensive, longitudinal assessment for better SBTH implementation.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Health Services Research
- Educational Technology
Background:
- Telehealth interventions are increasingly implemented in U.S. K-12 school settings.
- Existing evaluations of these interventions are often fragmented and lack standardization.
- There is a need for a structured approach to evaluate school-based telehealth (SBTH) effectively.
Purpose of the Study:
- To characterize the implementation of telehealth interventions in U.S. K-12 schools.
- To map the evaluation of performance and outcomes using a standardized taxonomy.
- To develop a conceptual framework addressing gaps in SBTH evaluation.
Main Methods:
- Conducted a scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
- Searched major databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar) for studies from January 2019 to April 2026.
- Synthesized data using descriptive mapping and frequency analysis, developing a framework iteratively.
Main Results:
- 22 studies were included, showing heterogeneity in services and methods.
- Evaluations predominantly focused on access, utilization, satisfaction, and implementation outcomes.
- Health, academic, cost, and sustainability outcomes were less consistently assessed; evaluation approaches were fragmented.
Conclusions:
- School-based telehealth (SBTH) is feasible, acceptable, and improves access to care.
- Fragmented evaluation limits comparability and policy translation.
- A proposed framework guides comprehensive, longitudinal evaluation for scalable SBTH implementation.
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