Parasite in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms and translational potential

Parasite-derived molecules have emerged as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory and antitumor properties, attracting increasing attention in cancer research. Derived from both protozoan and helminth parasites, these molecules exhibit diverse biological activities that extend beyond parasite survival and represent a novel resource for cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that parasite-derived molecules suppress tumor progression through complementary immune-mediated and non-immune mechanisms, including activation of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity, remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, and regulation of tumor metabolism. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging therapeutic efficacy across multiple tumor models, including melanoma, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other malignancies. In addition to summarizing the major classes of parasite-derived molecules and their mechanisms of action, this review highlights recent advances in translational research, including combination therapeutic strategies, immunogenicity and safety, delivery system optimization, and manufacturing and regulatory considerations. Despite encouraging preclinical findings, substantial challenges remain before clinical translation can be achieved. By integrating current mechanistic evidence with emerging translational perspectives, this review provides a comprehensive overview of parasite-derived molecules as potential anticancer agents and offers insights to facilitate their future development and clinical application in cancer therapy.