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Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Published on: June 16, 2014
Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Saad N Almutairi1, Ali H Alarbash2, Abdullah Almutairi3
1Internal Medicine, Al Jahra Hospital, Al Jahra, KWT.
Cureus
|August 1, 2026
Summary
Hypertension (HTN) significantly increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal impairment, male gender, and smoking are key risk factors, necessitating targeted interventions and early screening for HTN-related kidney disease.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Hypertension (HTN) is a major global health concern and a leading risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- Millions worldwide are affected by CKD, underscoring the need for robust evidence on its risk factors.
- Meta-analysis offers a reliable method for synthesizing empirical data from multiple studies to inform evidence-based conclusions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a meta-analysis evaluating the impact of hypertension on the development of chronic kidney disease.
- To identify and quantify key risk factors associated with hypertension-induced CKD across diverse populations and settings.
- To provide evidence for targeted interventions and public health strategies aimed at mitigating the burden of CKD.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2015 and September 2024.
- Inclusion criteria were defined using the PICOS principle, focusing on 13 case-control studies investigating 17 risk factors.
- Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V4 software with a random-effects model to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Main Results:
- A significant association was found between hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- Renal impairment demonstrated the strongest correlation with CKD (OR=3.846, 95% CI: 2.817-5.251, p<0.001).
- Additional significant risk factors included male gender (OR=1.701) and smoking (OR=1.732), with geographical variations noted.
Conclusions:
- Hypertension is a robustly associated risk factor for chronic kidney disease.
- Renal impairment, male sex, and tobacco use are identified as critical risk factors requiring focused management.
- Findings emphasize the need for improved hypertension management, lifestyle modifications, and early screening, particularly in resource-limited settings.
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