High prevalence of selenium deficiency in patients with filarial lymphedema

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease causing chronic lymphatic dysfunction and disability. Selenium, an essential trace element with antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions, may influence disease progression, yet its status in patients with filarial lymphedema remains understudied. This study aimed to assess serum levels in patients affected with filarial lymphedema.

A case-control study was conducted at the Filariasis Management Clinic of ICMR-National Institute for Vector Control Research (formerly VCRC), Puducherry, including 40 patients with filarial lymphedema and 30 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data, anthropometric measurements, and dietary information were collected through semi-structured interviews. Serum Se concentrations were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in an NABL-accredited laboratory. Statistical analysis employed Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables.

Patients demonstrated significantly higher selenium deficiency prevalence (47.5% vs 16.7%, p < 0.001) compared to controls, representing 3-fold elevated risk. Despite adequate macronutrient intake, micronutrient deficiency persisted across all lymphedema grades (35% Grade 2, 27.5% Grade 3, 37.5% Grade 4). Vitamin supplementation showed protective effects against Se deficiency (p = 0.004).

This pilot study highlights significant selenium deficiency among patients affected with filarial lymphedema. These findings suggest potential benefits of integrating selenium screening and targeted nutritional interventions into comprehensive lymphatic filariasis management programs. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causal relationships and evaluate therapeutic interventions.