The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence and Overactive Bladder Among Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and...

Urinary incontinence (UI) is characterized by any involuntary loss of urine, resulting in significant hygiene, emotional, and social challenges. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to update the current understanding of the prevalence of UI and overactive bladder (OAB) among Iranian women.

We conducted an electronic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Medline, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Biosis from January 1990 to February 2026. Women aged 15 years and over living in Iran were targeted. A total of 23 cross-sectional studies encompassing 27,690 participants were included. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies. The I² index was used to estimate heterogeneity; the random-effects model was applied due to high heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test, and data analysis was performed using MedCalc software.

The overall prevalence of UI was estimated at 39.98% (95% CI: 30.54-49.82). The most prevalent subtype was stress urinary incontinence (SUI) at 26.88% (95% CI: 20.00-34.37). OAB and urge urinary incontinence (UUI) affected 20.13% (95% CI: 15.70-24.95) and 17.09% (95% CI: 9.38-26.55) of women, respectively. Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) followed, with a prevalence of 14.99% (95% CI: 6.62-25.98).

Given the relatively high prevalence of UI and OAB among Iranian women, further research is needed to explore underlying factors and to develop effective prevention, management, and treatment strategies. A clearer understanding of the epidemiology of UI and OAB can support health policy planning and the development of responsive healthcare services.